{"id":5527,"date":"2026-05-19T06:02:38","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T06:02:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/?p=5527"},"modified":"2026-05-19T06:06:19","modified_gmt":"2026-05-19T06:06:19","slug":"how-electric-toothbrushes-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/nl\/how-electric-toothbrushes-work\/","title":{"rendered":"How Electric Toothbrushes Work:Complete Technical Guide 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5527\" class=\"elementor elementor-5527\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e2c720 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7e2c720\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e807c92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"e807c92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\r\n:root {\r\n  --primary: #7C3AED;\r\n  --primary-dark: #5B21B6;\r\n  --accent: #A78BFA;\r\n  --text-dark: #1E293B;\r\n  --text-light: #64748B;\r\n  --bg-light: #F8FAFC;\r\n  --bg-card: #FFFFFF;\r\n  --border: #E2E8F0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n* { margin: 0; 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}\r\n.faq-section h2 { border-top: 2px solid var(--border); padding-top: 1.5rem; margin-top: 2rem; }\r\n.faq-item { border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f0f5; padding: 1.25rem 0; }\r\n.faq-q { font-weight: 600; font-size: 15.5px; color: var(--primary-dark); margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }\r\n.faq-a { font-size: 14.5px; color: #475569; line-height: 1.7; }\r\n\r\n\/* References *\/\r\n.references { background: #f9f9fb; border-radius: 12px; padding: 1.75rem; margin: 2.5rem 0 0; }\r\n.references h3 { font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #374151; }\r\n.references ol { font-size: 13px; color: #6b7280; padding-left: 1.25rem; }\r\n.references li { margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }\r\n\r\n\/* Tech Diagram *\/\r\n.tech-flow {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(160px, 1fr));\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n  margin: 2rem 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.tech-node {\r\n  background: #f5f3ff;\r\n  border: 1px solid #ddd6fe;\r\n  border-radius: 12px;\r\n  padding: 1.25rem 1rem;\r\n  text-align: center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.tech-node .node-num {\r\n  background: var(--primary);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  width: 28px;\r\n  height: 28px;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: center;\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  margin: 0 auto 0.75rem;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.tech-node .node-label {\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n  color: var(--primary-dark);\r\n  line-height: 1.3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.tech-node .node-desc {\r\n  font-size: 11.5px;\r\n  color: #64748b;\r\n  margin-top: 0.4rem;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Component Grid *\/\r\n.component-grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(240px, 1fr));\r\n  gap: 16px;\r\n  margin: 2rem 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.component-card {\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--border);\r\n  border-radius: 14px;\r\n  padding: 1.5rem;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.component-card h4 {\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  color: var(--primary-dark);\r\n  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.component-card p {\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  color: #64748b;\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  line-height: 1.6;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 640px) {\r\n  .hero-stats { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\r\n  article { padding: 1.5rem; border-radius: 12px; }\r\n  .cta-section { padding: 2.5rem 1.5rem; }\r\n  h2 { font-size: 21px; }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n\r\n<!-- Hero -->\r\n<section class=\"hero\">\r\n  <div class=\"hero-inner\">\r\n    <span class=\"hero-badge\">Pillar Guide \u00b7 Cluster 4<\/span>\r\n    <h1>How Electric Toothbrushes Work:<br>Complete Technical Guide 2026<\/h1>\r\n    <p class=\"hero-lead\">From magnetic coil drivers and DC gear motors to AI-powered brushing analysis \u2014 a manufacturer's deep-dive into the engineering, physics, and manufacturing behind modern electric toothbrushes.<\/p>\r\n    <div class=\"hero-stats\">\r\n      <div class=\"hero-stat\">\r\n        <span class=\"value\">48,000<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"label\">Strokes\/Min (Sonic Max)<\/span>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"hero-stat\">\r\n        <span class=\"value\">99.9%<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"label\">Plaque Removal Rate<\/span>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"hero-stat\">\r\n        <span class=\"value\">14\u201321<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"label\">Days Per Charge<\/span>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- Breadcrumb -->\r\n<div class=\"container\">\r\n  <nav class=\"breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Broodkruimel\">\r\n    <a href=\"\/nl\/\">Home<\/a> \u203a <a href=\"\/news\/\">Blog<\/a> \u203a <span>How Electric Toothbrushes Work<\/span>\r\n  <\/nav>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- Article -->\r\n<div class=\"container\">\r\n<article>\r\n\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/how-electric-toothbrushes-work-technical-guide-2026-scaled.webp\" class=\"product-img\" alt=\"\" title=\"\">\r\n\r\n<p class=\"lead\">Electric toothbrushes are deceptively complex machines. At their core, they combine precision motors, intelligent control systems, rechargeable power sources, and ergonomic design into a device that fits in the palm of your hand \u2014 yet performs tens of thousands of precise mechanical movements per brushing session. This guide breaks down exactly how they work, from the physics of sonic vibration to the engineering decisions that shape OEM manufacturing.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"key-takeaways\">\r\n  <h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n  <ul>\r\n    <li>Electric toothbrushes fall into three categories: <strong>sonic<\/strong> (magnetic coil vibration), <strong>rotating-oscillating<\/strong> (DC motor rotation), and <strong>combination<\/strong> (dual-action systems like Rotasonic\u2122)<\/li>\r\n    <li>Sonic toothbrushes generate cleaning action both through <strong>bristle contact<\/strong> en <strong>fluid dynamics<\/strong> \u2014 the agitation of toothpaste and saliva reaches interproximal areas bristles cannot<\/li>\r\n    <li>The core electronic components \u2014 PCB, motor driver, BLE module, pressure sensor \u2014 are all <strong>miniaturized and waterproofed<\/strong> to IPX7 standards<\/li>\r\n    <li>Battery technology (Li-ion vs NiMH) directly impacts <strong>weight, runtime, and charging time<\/strong>, all critical OEM decision points<\/li>\r\n    <li>Pressure sensors use <strong>piezoresistive or capacitive technology<\/strong> to detect excessive brushing force and prevent gum damage in real time<\/li>\r\n    <li>Smart toothbrushes add <strong>BLE SoC + companion app<\/strong> but the core brushing mechanism is identical to non-smart models<\/li>\r\n    <li>OEM manufacturing cost is driven by <strong>motor type, battery capacity, and smart features<\/strong> \u2014 not branding or brush head quality<\/li>\r\n    <li>Vibrosonic\u2122 technology achieves up to <strong>48,000 strokes\/min<\/strong> with a secondary harmonic layer that enhances fluid cleaning beyond standard sonic<\/li>\r\n  <\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h2>The Three Core Technologies of Electric Toothbrushes<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Before diving into individual components, it's important to understand that all electric toothbrushes fall into one of three fundamental technology categories. The category determines almost everything about the brushing experience \u2014 cleaning mechanism, noise level, battery consumption, and manufacturing cost.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1. Sonic Technology: Magnetic Coil Vibration<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Sonic toothbrushes use a <strong>magnetic coil driver<\/strong> (also called a voice coil actuator or linear resonant actuator) to convert electrical energy directly into rapid linear motion. Unlike a traditional motor that produces rotational motion, the magnetic coil driver generates a purely linear back-and-forth vibration at high frequency.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Here's the physics: an electric current passes through a coil of wire wrapped around a magnetically permeable core. When alternating current is applied, the coil alternately attracts and repels a permanent magnet attached to the brush head, causing it to vibrate at the frequency of the alternating current. The frequency is controlled by the oscillator circuit on the PCB \u2014 typically 120\u2013240Hz, which translates to 240\u2013480 brush strokes per second (or 24,000\u201348,000 strokes per minute).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The key innovation of sonic technology is <strong>fluid dynamic cleaning<\/strong>. At 30,000+ strokes per minute, the bristles and the toothpaste-saliva mixture create turbulent flow and acoustic micro-streaming. This hydrodynamic force extends the cleaning effect beyond the physical bristle contact, reaching 1\u20133mm beyond the bristle tips into the sulcus (gum pocket) and interproximal spaces. This is clinically significant: studies published in the <em>Journal of Clinical Periodontology<\/em> have shown sonic toothbrushes reduce gingivitis and plaque at distances up to 4mm from the bristle tip.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Relish Technology's proprietary <strong>Vibrosonic\u2122 platform<\/strong> pushes this further with a dual-harmonic driver system. Where standard sonic brushes produce a single-frequency vibration, Vibrosonic\u2122 adds a controlled secondary harmonic layer that creates a micro-pulsation effect. This does two things: it increases the effective cleaning radius of the fluid dynamics, and it creates a pressure wave that helps dislodge biofilm (plaque) from tooth surfaces without requiring the user to apply excessive physical pressure.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>2. Rotating-Oscillating Technology: DC Gear Motor<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Rotating-oscillating toothbrushes use a small <strong>DC (direct current) gear motor<\/strong> to rotate a circular or triangular brush head. The motor shaft is connected to a gear train that reduces rotational speed while increasing torque, then converts the rotational motion to an oscillating (back-and-forth) motion through a crank mechanism or Scotch Yoke linkage.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Typical rotating-oscillating heads complete 5,000\u201310,000 revolutions per minute, with oscillation arcs of 45\u201390 degrees. The Oral-B franchise is the canonical example: their patented oscillating-rotating technology was first introduced in the 1990s and has been continuously refined. The cleaning mechanism here is primarily <strong>direct bristle contact<\/strong> \u2014 the rotating bristles physically scrub tooth surfaces, with the oscillating motion helping to dislodge debris from the sulcus.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>From a manufacturing standpoint, rotating-oscillating motors are generally less expensive than magnetic coil drivers, which makes this technology more common in the mid-range OEM market. The tradeoff is that the gear train adds mechanical complexity and potential points of failure, while the cleaning action is more dependent on bristle contact and less on fluid dynamics.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>3. Combination \/ Rotasonic Technology<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>The third category is the combination or hybrid approach \u2014 devices that use both sonic vibration and rotating-oscillating action simultaneously. This is where <strong>Rotasonic\u2122<\/strong> technology, developed at Relish Technology, sits.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>A Rotasonic\u2122 toothbrush combines a magnetic coil driver (for the sonic component) with a micro DC motor driving an oscillating brush head. The result is dual-action cleaning: fluid dynamics from the sonic vibration plus direct mechanical scrubbing from the rotating-oscillating head. This combination is clinically shown to outperform either technology alone in plaque removal studies, particularly for users with orthodontic appliances or deeper gingival pockets.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"info-box\">\r\n  <strong>Why OEM manufacturers choose specific technologies:<\/strong> Magnetic coil drivers (sonic) cost $2.50\u2013$6.00 per unit in BOM, while DC gear motors cost $1.00\u2013$3.00. However, sonic technology typically commands $15\u2013$30 higher retail price point due to perceived premium value, making the BOM cost difference commercially irrelevant for premium positioning.\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h2>The Anatomy of an Electric Toothbrush<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Beyond the core cleaning technology, every electric toothbrush contains a system of interconnected components that work together to deliver a reliable, safe, and user-friendly brushing experience. Here's a component-by-component breakdown.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"component-grid\">\r\n  <div class=\"component-card\">\r\n    <h4>Rechargeable Battery<\/h4>\r\n    <p>Lithium-ion (Li-ion) or NiMH. Li-ion offers 3\u00d7 the energy density, no memory effect, and 500+ charge cycles. Capacity: 600\u20132,000mAh. Located in the handle body.<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"component-card\">\r\n    <h4>Motor & Driver Circuit<\/h4>\r\n    <p>Magnetic coil (sonic) or DC gear motor (rotary). Driven by an H-bridge MOSFET circuit controlled by the microcontroller. Determines brushing frequency and torque.<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"component-card\">\r\n    <h4>PCB & Microcontroller<\/h4>\r\n    <p>8\u201332 bit MCU manages brushing modes, timer, pressure sensor input, LED indicators, and BLE communication in smart models.<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"component-card\">\r\n    <h4>Pressure Sensor<\/h4>\r\n    <p>Piezoresistive or capacitive force sensor between brush head and drive shaft. Triggers at 150\u2013200g force. Sends signal to MCU to reduce power or activate warning.<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"component-card\">\r\n    <h4>Oplaadsysteem<\/h4>\r\n    <p>Inductive (Qi wireless) charging base or USB-C port. Charging coil in handle receives AC from base via electromagnetic induction. Charging time: 12\u201324 hours (inductive) or 1\u20133 hours (USB-C).<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"component-card\">\r\n    <h4>Brush Head & Drive Shaft<\/h4>\r\n    <p>Replaceable head with nylon or PBT bristles. Connected to motor via stainless steel or nylon drive shaft. Click-fit or twist-lock attachment mechanism.<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h2>The PCB and Control System<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is the brain of the electric toothbrush. In a typical OEM model, the PCB measures 20\u201350mm \u00d7 10\u201325mm and contains:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n  <li><strong>Microcontroller Unit (MCU)<\/strong>: An 8-bit to 32-bit processor (common choices: STM8, STM32, or budget MCUs from Sonix\/Mesonix) running the firmware that manages all toothbrush functions<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>Motor Driver<\/strong>: An H-bridge MOSFET circuit that translates MCU signals into the bidirectional current needed to drive the magnetic coil or DC motor<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>Oscillator Crystal<\/strong>: Provides the precise clock signal that determines brushing frequency. A 32.768kHz crystal is common for RTC functions; a separate 8MHz crystal often drives the main CPU<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>Pressure Sensor Interface<\/strong>: An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) channel that reads the voltage change from the pressure sensor<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>LED Driver<\/strong>: Current-limiting resistor + transistor circuit controlling the mode indicator LEDs<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>BLE SoC<\/strong> (smart models only): A Bluetooth Low Energy system-on-chip (Nordic nRF52832 or similar) that handles wireless communication with the companion app<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>Charging Controller<\/strong>: A dedicated IC managing the charging process, over-charge protection, and charge level indication<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"tech-flow\">\r\n  <div class=\"tech-node\">\r\n    <div class=\"node-num\">1<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"node-label\">Batterij<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"node-desc\">3.7V Li-ion<\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"tech-node\">\r\n    <div class=\"node-num\">2<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"node-label\">MCU<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"node-desc\">Mode logic & timer<\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"tech-node\">\r\n    <div class=\"node-num\">3<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"node-label\">Driver IC<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"node-desc\">H-bridge MOSFET<\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"tech-node\">\r\n    <div class=\"node-num\">4<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"node-label\">Motor<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"node-desc\">Coil or DC motor<\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"tech-node\">\r\n    <div class=\"node-num\">5<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"node-label\">Borstelkop<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"node-desc\">Bristles & shaft<\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h2>Brushing Modes and the Quadrant Timer<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>One of the most valuable features of modern electric toothbrushes \u2014 from both a consumer and OEM design perspective \u2014 is the <strong>brushing mode system<\/strong>. The microcontroller firmware manages multiple distinct brushing modes, each with a different frequency, amplitude, and timing profile.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Common Brushing Modes<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"table-wrap\">\r\n<table>\r\n  <thead>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th>Mode<\/th>\r\n      <th>Frequency<\/th>\r\n      <th>Amplitude<\/th>\r\n      <th>Duur<\/th>\r\n      <th>Beste voor<\/th>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n  <\/thead>\r\n  <tbody>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Clean<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>Full frequency (e.g., 40,000 spm)<\/td>\r\n      <td>Standaard<\/td>\r\n      <td>2 min<\/td>\r\n      <td>Daily use, all-around cleaning<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>White \/ Polish<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>Full + intermittent pulse<\/td>\r\n      <td>Hoger<\/td>\r\n      <td>2 min<\/td>\r\n      <td>Surface stain removal, coffee\/tea drinkers<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Sensitive<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>60\u201370% of max frequency<\/td>\r\n      <td>Reduced<\/td>\r\n      <td>2 min<\/td>\r\n      <td>Receding gums, sensitive teeth, new users<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Gum Care \/ Soft<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>40\u201350% of max, pulsing<\/td>\r\n      <td>Laag<\/td>\r\n      <td>3 min<\/td>\r\n      <td>Gum health, periodontal maintenance<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Tongue Clean<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>Low frequency, steady<\/td>\r\n      <td>Light<\/td>\r\n      <td>30 sec<\/td>\r\n      <td>Breath freshening, tongue coating<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Whitening<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>Alternating high\/low<\/td>\r\n      <td>Variable<\/td>\r\n      <td>3 min<\/td>\r\n      <td>Enhanced stain removal cycles<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n  <\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>De <strong>quadrant timer<\/strong> (also called a 30-second pacer) is a critical compliance feature. The toothbrush vibrates or pauses briefly every 30 seconds to signal the user to move to the next quadrant of their mouth (upper right, upper left, lower right, lower left). Clinical studies consistently show that quadrant timers increase average brushing duration by 30\u201345 seconds and significantly improve cleaning coverage.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"warning-box\">\r\n  <strong>Manufacturing note:<\/strong> The pressure sensor calibration is one of the most critical quality control checkpoints in OEM production. An improperly calibrated sensor either triggers too easily (frustrating users who brush normally) or fails to detect excessive pressure (defeating the safety purpose). Relish Tech's production line uses automated force calibration stations that verify each unit's pressure threshold within \u00b110g accuracy across a 50\u2013300g testing range.\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h2>Battery Technology and Charging Systems<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>The battery is the heaviest single component in an electric toothbrush handle, and its choice has cascading effects on product weight, runtime, charging behavior, and manufacturing cost. OEMs must balance these factors carefully against the target retail price point.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) vs Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH)<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Li-ion batteries dominate modern premium electric toothbrushes. A typical 3.7V Li-ion cell (\u76f4\u5f8414mm \u00d7 \u9ad8\u5ea643mm, known as 14450 form factor) provides 600\u2013900mAh in a compact cylindrical package. The Sony\/Murata INR14500 cells commonly used in electric toothbrushes offer:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n  <li><strong>High energy density<\/strong>: 150\u2013200 Wh\/kg vs NiMH's 60\u2013100 Wh\/kg<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>Low self-discharge<\/strong>: 2\u20133% per month vs NiMH's 20\u201330% per month<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>No memory effect<\/strong>: Can be charged at any state of discharge<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>500+ cycle life<\/strong>: At 2 cycles\/day, that's 250+ days of battery life \u2014 2\u20133 years<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>Faster charging<\/strong>: Full charge in 1\u20133 hours with modern USB-C or fast inductive chargers<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p>NiMH batteries remain common in budget OEM models due to lower cost and simpler charging circuitry (no protection circuit required), but they are heavier, have shorter runtime, and suffer from gradual capacity loss due to the memory effect.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Charging Systems: Inductive vs USB-C<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Traditional inductive (wireless) charging uses electromagnetic induction between a coil in the charging base and a coil in the toothbrush handle. The handle coil receives AC current and converts it back to DC to charge the battery. Inductive charging is elegant (no exposed connectors = better water resistance) but inefficient (60\u201370% energy transfer) and slow (12\u201324 hours for full charge).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>USB-C charging, increasingly common in newer models, offers direct electrical connection with 5V\/1A\u20133A input. This enables fast charging (0\u2013100% in 1\u20133 hours) and eliminates the bulky charging base. From an OEM perspective, USB-C requires a waterproof gasket around the connector port but simplifies the handle interior (no charging coil needed), which can offset cost.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Water Resistance: IPX7 and the Engineering Challenge<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Electric toothbrushes are used in wet environments and must withstand immersion. The <strong>IPX7 rating<\/strong> (Ingress Protection) means the device can be submerged in water up to 1 meter depth for 30 minutes without water ingress. Achieving IPX7 with electronic components inside requires careful engineering:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Potting and Ultrasonic Welding<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>The primary waterproofing technique is <strong>potting<\/strong>: filling the interior of the electronics compartment with a thermoset resin (commonly epoxy or silicone-based). Potting protects the PCB, motor, and battery connections from moisture but makes the electronics unrepairable and adds manufacturing cost ($0.80\u2013$2.50 per unit in material + labor).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>An alternative or complementary technique is <strong>ultrasonic welding<\/strong> of the plastic housing halves. The two halves of the handle are welded together using high-frequency vibration (typically 20\u201340kHz), creating a continuous, seamless bond that is structurally stronger than the surrounding plastic and provides a reliable seal against water ingress at the housing seam.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>For the brush head attachment area \u2014 the most mechanically stressed seal point \u2014 silicone O-rings or liquid gasket sealant are used. The drive shaft passes through this seal via a close-tolerance bushing, maintaining waterproofing while allowing rotational or linear motion.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"tip-box\">\r\n  <strong>OEM design tip:<\/strong> Planning for IPX7 from the start of product development (design-for-waterproofing) costs 30\u201350% less than retrofitting waterproofing into an existing design. Key decisions include choosing a two-shell handle design (ultrasonic weldable), specifying potted electronics, and selecting a sealed charging system \u2014 all before tooling is cut.\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h2>Smart Toothbrushes: Sensors, BLE, and App Connectivity<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Smart toothbrushes add a layer of digital intelligence on top of the core brushing mechanism. The underlying motor, battery, and brush head are identical to non-smart models \u2014 what changes is the addition of a <strong>Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) system-on-chip<\/strong>, additional sensors, and companion app software.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Key Smart Features and Their Sensors<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"table-wrap\">\r\n<table>\r\n  <thead>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th>Slimme functie<\/th>\r\n      <th>Sensor Used<\/th>\r\n      <th>Technical Detail<\/th>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n  <\/thead>\r\n  <tbody>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Brushing Duration<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>Real-time clock (MCU timer)<\/td>\r\n      <td>Built into MCU \u2014 no additional sensor needed<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Pressure Detection<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>Piezoresistive or capacitive force sensor<\/td>\r\n      <td>Located between brush head and drive shaft mount<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Position Detection<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>6-axis IMU (accelerometer + gyroscope)<\/td>\r\n      <td>Detects brush movement direction and quadrant coverage<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Brush Head Wear<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>Bristle impedance sensor<\/td>\r\n      <td>Measures bristle wear via electrical resistance change<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Battery Health<\/td>\r\n      <td>Fuel gauge IC (coulomb counter)<\/td>\r\n      <td>Tracks charge cycles and remaining capacity<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Bluetooth Pairing<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>BLE 4.0\u20135.0 SoC<\/td>\r\n      <td>Nordic nRF52 series most common in oral care<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n  <\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>The 6-axis Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) \u2014 combining a 3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis gyroscope \u2014 is the most technically sophisticated sensor in a smart toothbrush. By analyzing the pattern and direction of brush head movement, the IMU enables <strong>quadrant mapping<\/strong>: the app can determine which region of the mouth the user is brushing and provide zone-by-zone feedback. Combined with brushing duration data, this gives a complete picture of brushing coverage.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>The OEM Perspective on Smart Toothbrush Costs<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Adding smart features to an electric toothbrush increases the Bill of Materials (BOM) cost by approximately $8\u2013$25 per unit, depending on feature complexity. The largest cost drivers are:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n  <li><strong>BLE SoC + antenna<\/strong>: $2.50\u2013$5.00 (Nordic nRF52840 is the premium choice; Realtek RTL8762 is the budget option)<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>6-axis IMU<\/strong>: $1.50\u2013$4.00 (TDK InvenSense ICM-42670 or BMI270 are common choices)<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>Druksensor<\/strong>: $0.30\u2013$1.00 (premium piezoresistive vs basic capacitive)<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>App development<\/strong>: $30,000\u2013$150,000 one-time cost for iOS + Android (the biggest variable)<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>Additional PCB layers and components<\/strong>: $1.00\u2013$3.00<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p>The retail price premium for smart features is typically $25\u2013$60, making smart technology highly profitable for brands that can manage app development and maintenance costs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>UV Sanitizing Technology<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>UV sanitizing stations have become a premium feature in high-end electric toothbrushes. The technology uses <strong>UV-C light at 254nm wavelength<\/strong>, which is strongly absorbed by microbial DNA and RNA. UV-C radiation causes thymine dimers in bacterial and viral DNA, preventing replication and effectively killing 99.9%+ of microorganisms on the brush bristles within a 5\u201310 minute sanitizing cycle.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The UV-C lamp in a toothbrush sanitizer is typically a <strong>low-pressure mercury lamp<\/strong> (similar to those in water purification systems) or a UV-LED. Mercury lamps are more effective but contain a small amount of mercury (0.5\u20132mg) and are fragile. UV-LEDs are more durable and environmentally friendly but produce less UV-C intensity and have a shorter effective lifespan (typically 8,000\u201310,000 hours).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>From an OEM standpoint, integrating a UV sanitizer into the charging base adds approximately $3.50\u2013$8.00 to the BOM and requires a larger charging base housing (affecting retail packaging dimensions). The benefit: it creates a compelling premium feature and justifies a higher price tier.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Brush Heads: Bristle Science and Engineering<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>While the handle contains all the electronic intelligence, the brush head is where the cleaning actually happens. OEM brush head engineering involves careful selection of bristle material, diameter, tuft configuration, and flexural properties.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Bristle Materials<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n  <li><strong>Nylon (Nylon 612)<\/strong>: The most common bristle material. Tynex bristles (DuPont's brand) set the industry standard for consistency and durability. Typical diameter: 0.15\u20130.25mm for cleaning filaments, 0.30\u20130.50mm for outer cleaning border.<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>PBT (Polybutylene Terephthalate)<\/strong>: Softer than nylon, used in sensitive or gum-care brush heads. Better shape memory (returns to original position after bending).<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>Nylon-4 \/ Biodegradable Nylon<\/strong>: Emerging eco-friendly alternative with similar cleaning performance to standard nylon but better biodegradability (60\u201370% within 5 years vs standard nylon's 30+ years).<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>End-rounded bristles<\/strong>: Critical for gum health. All OEM brush heads should use mechanically end-rounded bristle tips (R \u2264 0.01mm radius) to prevent gum abrasion. This is verified via microscopy inspection in quality control.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h3>Indicator Bristles<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Blue indicator bristles (also called \"color fading bristles\") are a common OEM feature. These bristles use a fade dye that degrades when exposed to toothpaste abrasives and mechanical stress. After approximately 3 months of normal use, the blue color fades to white, signaling the user to replace the brush head. From an OEM perspective, indicator bristles add $0.05\u2013$0.15 per head and require a dual-material injection molding process to create two-tone tufts.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>OEM Manufacturing: From Component Selection to Mass Production<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Understanding how electric toothbrushes work is the foundation for making intelligent OEM sourcing decisions. Every technical choice \u2014 motor type, battery capacity, waterproofing method, smart sensor integration \u2014 has a direct, quantifiable impact on manufacturing cost, product quality, and retail positioning.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>At Relish Technology, the electric toothbrush development process follows a structured engineering pathway:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n  <li><strong>Concept validation<\/strong> (weeks 1\u20134): Define product specification \u2014 technology type (sonic\/rotary\/Rotasonic), target markets, required certifications, price tier. This drives all subsequent decisions.<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>Prototype development<\/strong> (weeks 5\u201312): Build functional prototypes of handle, electronics, and brush head. Test motor performance, battery runtime, waterproofing, and PCB firmware. Typical prototype quantity: 3\u201310 units.<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>Pre-production validation<\/strong> (weeks 13\u201320): Engineering validation testing (EVT) and design validation testing (DVT) \u2014 IPX7 immersion testing, drop testing, EMC testing, battery cycle testing, and regulatory pre-compliance testing.<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>Mass production preparation<\/strong> (weeks 21\u201328): Tooling completion, first article inspection, pilot run (100\u2013300 units), and quality system setup including AQL sampling plans.<\/li>\r\n  <li><strong>Production and shipment<\/strong>: Full production runs with continuous quality monitoring. Relish Tech's production lines operate at AQL 0.65 for critical defects, 1.0 for major defects.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"info-box\">\r\n  <strong>The Relish Technology difference:<\/strong> With 15+ years of electric toothbrush manufacturing and 300+ brand clients served globally, Relish Tech's engineering team has accumulated deep expertise in motor selection, waterproofing, and regulatory compliance across FDA (US), CE (EU), PSE (Japan), and TISI (Thailand) markets. Our on-site IPX7 testing tank, EMC pre-compliance lab, and automated pressure sensor calibration stations are available to all OEM clients as part of our standard development process.\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h2>How to Choose the Right Technology for Your Brand<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>With the technical foundation established, here is a decision framework for brand owners and procurement managers selecting an OEM partner for electric toothbrush development:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"table-wrap\">\r\n<table>\r\n  <thead>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th>Criteria<\/th>\r\n      <th>Sonic<\/th>\r\n      <th>Rotating-Oscillating<\/th>\r\n      <th>Rotasonic\u2122 (Combination)<\/th>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n  <\/thead>\r\n  <tbody>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>BOM Cost Range<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>$12-$28<\/td>\r\n      <td>$8-$20<\/td>\r\n      <td>$18\u2013$38<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Retail Price Positioning<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>Mid to Premium<\/td>\r\n      <td>Entry to Mid<\/td>\r\n      <td>Premium to Ultra-Premium<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Noise Level<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>Medium (whine sound)<\/td>\r\n      <td>Low to Medium (hum)<\/td>\r\n      <td>Medium-High<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Cleaning Depth<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>High (fluid dynamics)<\/td>\r\n      <td>Medium (bristle contact)<\/td>\r\n      <td>Highest (dual action)<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Best Market Fit<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>Premium consumer brands<\/td>\r\n      <td>Value brands, Amazon FBA<\/td>\r\n      <td>Clinical\/dental professional brands<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td><strong>Smart Feature Suitability<\/strong><\/td>\r\n      <td>Excellent<\/td>\r\n      <td>Good<\/td>\r\n      <td>Excellent<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n  <\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- CTA -->\r\n<div class=\"cta-section\">\r\n  <h2>Klaar om uw OEM elektrische tandenborstel project te starten?<\/h2>\r\n  <p>Whether you're launching a new brand, expanding an existing line, or sourcing for retail procurement \u2014 Relish Technology's engineering team can help you select the right technology platform and navigate the full journey from concept to mass production.<\/p>\r\n  <a href=\"\/nl\/neem-contact-op-met\/\" class=\"cta-btn\">Talk to Our Engineering Team<\/a>\r\n  <p class=\"sub\">ISO 13485 \u00b7 FDA\/CE\/ISO13485 Certified \u00b7 15+ Years OEM Experience \u00b7 20,000\u33a1 Manufacturing Facility<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- Related -->\r\n<div class=\"related\">\r\n  <h3>Related Articles in This Cluster<\/h3>\r\n  <div class=\"related-grid\">\r\n    <a href=\"\/nl\/blog\/sonic-vs-oscillating-rotating-electric-toothbrush\/\" class=\"related-link\">Sonic vs Oscillating-Rotating<\/a>\r\n    <a href=\"\/nl\/blog\/electric-toothbrush-features-guide\/\" class=\"related-link\">Electric Toothbrush Features Guide<\/a>\r\n    <a href=\"\/nl\/blog\/electric-toothbrush-for-sensitive-teeth\/\" class=\"related-link\">Toothbrush for Sensitive Teeth<\/a>\r\n    <a href=\"\/nl\/blog\/smart-electric-toothbrush-iot-guide\/\" class=\"related-link\">Smart Toothbrush & IoT Guide<\/a>\r\n    <a href=\"\/nl\/blog\/electric-vs-manual-toothbrush\/\" class=\"related-link\">Electric vs Manual Toothbrush<\/a>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div style=\"margin-top:14px;\">\r\n    <h3 style=\"margin-bottom:0.75rem;\">Explore Other Clusters<\/h3>\r\n    <div class=\"related-grid\">\r\n      <a href=\"\/nl\/blog\/sourcing-oral-care-from-china\/\" class=\"related-link\">Sourcing from China (C5)<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"\/nl\/blog\/amazon-fba-oral-care-brand\/\" class=\"related-link\">Amazon FBA Guide (C6)<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"\/nl\/blog\/electric-toothbrush-market-guide-2026\/\" class=\"related-link\">Market Data 2026 (C7)<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- FAQ -->\r\n<div class=\"faq-section\">\r\n  <h2>Veelgestelde vragen<\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"faq-item\">\r\n    <div class=\"faq-q\">What is the basic mechanism of an electric toothbrush?<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"faq-a\">An electric toothbrush uses an electric motor (magnetic coil for sonic, DC gear motor for rotary) to generate rapid controlled movements. The motor is powered by a rechargeable battery and driven by a PCB microcontroller that manages brushing modes, the 2-minute timer, quadrant pacer, and pressure sensing. Sonic brushes create linear vibration; rotary brushes create rotational oscillation.<\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"faq-item\">\r\n    <div class=\"faq-q\">What is the difference between sonic and rotating-oscillating toothbrushes?<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"faq-a\">Sonic toothbrushes use a magnetic coil driver to create high-frequency linear vibrations (24,000\u201348,000 strokes\/min) that agitate toothpaste and saliva for fluid dynamic cleaning beyond bristle contact. Rotating-oscillating toothbrushes use a DC motor to rotate a circular brush head back and forth (5,000\u201310,000 rpm), relying primarily on direct bristle scrubbing. Sonic provides deeper interproximal cleaning; rotating is more dependent on physical bristle contact.<\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"faq-item\">\r\n    <div class=\"faq-q\">How does Vibrosonic technology differ from standard sonic toothbrushes?<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"faq-a\">Vibrosonic\u2122 is Relish Technology's proprietary high-frequency sonic platform that reaches up to 48,000 strokes\/min with a dual-harmonic driver system. Unlike standard sonic brushes that produce single-frequency vibration, Vibrosonic\u2122 adds a controlled secondary harmonic layer that creates a micro-pulsation effect, enhancing fluid dynamics and cleaning radius without requiring excessive user pressure.<\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"faq-item\">\r\n    <div class=\"faq-q\">What components are inside an electric toothbrush?<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"faq-a\">The main components are: (1) rechargeable Li-ion or NiMH battery, (2) magnetic coil driver or DC gear motor, (3) PCB with microcontroller and motor driver circuit, (4) capacitive or piezoresistive pressure sensor, (5) charging coil (inductive) or USB-C port, (6) drive shaft connecting motor to brush head, and (7) replaceable brush head with end-rounded nylon or PBT bristles. Smart models add a BLE SoC and 6-axis IMU.<\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"faq-item\">\r\n    <div class=\"faq-q\">How do pressure sensors work in electric toothbrushes?<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"faq-a\">Pressure sensors use piezoresistive or capacitive force sensors mounted between the brush head and drive shaft. When brushing force exceeds 150\u2013200g (the gum damage threshold), the sensor triggers the microcontroller to reduce motor power, activate a red LED warning, and\/or send a Bluetooth alert via the companion app. Calibration accuracy is critical: Relish Tech uses automated force calibration stations verified to \u00b110g across the 50\u2013300g testing range.<\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"faq-item\">\r\n    <div class=\"faq-q\">What is the battery life of a typical electric toothbrush?<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"faq-a\">Premium Li-ion models deliver 14\u201321 days of brushing on a single charge (2 min\/day, twice daily). Entry-level models provide 7\u201310 days. Battery capacity ranges from 600mAh (entry) to 2,000mAh (premium). Li-ion batteries offer 500+ charge cycles with minimal capacity fade. USB-C fast charging models can reach 0\u2013100% in 1\u20133 hours versus 12\u201324 hours for traditional inductive charging.<\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"faq-item\">\r\n    <div class=\"faq-q\">Why do some electric toothbrushes have UV sanitizers?<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"faq-a\">UV sanitizing stations use UV-C light at 254nm wavelength to kill 99.9%+ of bacteria and viruses on brush bristles by damaging microbial DNA\/RNA. A typical sanitizing cycle runs 5\u201310 minutes in the charging base. UV sanitizers add $3.50\u2013$8.00 to the BOM and require a larger base housing, but they provide a compelling premium feature and support higher retail pricing. UV-LED technology is replacing mercury lamps due to better durability and environmental compliance.<\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"faq-item\">\r\n    <div class=\"faq-q\">How does a smart electric toothbrush connect to a phone app?<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"faq-a\">Smart toothbrushes use Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE 4.0\u20135.0) to pair with a companion app. The toothbrush's PCB contains a BLE system-on-chip (commonly Nordic nRF52 series) that transmits sensor data \u2014 brushing mode, duration, quadrant coverage, pressure events \u2014 in real time via low-power radio. The app logs sessions, provides AI coaching feedback, tracks oral health trends, and can sync to cloud services. BLE 5.0 enables extended range and higher throughput while maintaining low power consumption.<\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- References -->\r\n<div class=\"references\">\r\n  <h3>References & Sources<\/h3>\r\n  <ol>\r\n    <li>Hope, C.K. et al. \"The Clinical Efficacy of Sonic Toothbrushes: A Systematic Review.\" <em>Journal of Clinical Periodontology<\/em>, 2023. doi:10.1111\/jcpe.13842<\/li>\r\n    <li>International Electrotechnical Commission. <em>IEC 60601-1:2005+AMD1:2012<\/em> \u2014 Medical Electrical Equipment Part 1: General Requirements for Basic Safety and Essential Performance.<\/li>\r\n    <li>International Organization for Standardization. <em>ISO 20749:2023<\/em> \u2014 Dentistry \u2014 Powered toothbrushes \u2014 Test methods for measuring the performance of powered toothbrushes for oral health care.<\/li>\r\n    <li>U.S. Food and Drug Administration. <em>Premarket Notification 510(k) Substantial Equivalence Determinations \u2014 Electric Toothbrushes<\/em>. FDA.gov, updated 2025.<\/li>\r\n    <li>Nordic Semiconductor. <em>nRF52840 Product Specification v1.1<\/em> \u2014 Multiprotocol Bluetooth 5\/BLE SoC datasheet.<\/li>\r\n    <li>TDK Invensense. <em>BMI270 \u2014 6-Axis Inertial Measurement Unit<\/em> datasheet and application notes.<\/li>\r\n  <\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/article>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pillar Guide \u00b7 Cluster 4 How Electric Toothbrushes Work:Complete Technical Guide 2026 From magnetic coil drivers and DC gear motors [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5528,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5527","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industry-information"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5527","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5527"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5527\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5538,"href":"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5527\/revisions\/5538"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5528"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5527"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5527"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/relish-tech.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5527"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}